question:اینم فصل 4 : Chapter 4 Competition, Innovation and Performance of Professional Information Providers Richard van der Wurff University of Amsterdam Professional information is an indispensable resource in today’s economy and tomorrow’s information society. It encompasses information that skilled workers “must have” or “need to know” to carry out their professional tasks efficiently and effectively. As such, it is a valuable driver of competitive success and innovation in many industries and other segments of society. Equal access to diverse and high-quality professional information services consequently is an important condition for balanced, equitable and progressive political, social and economic development. This chapter discusses how digitisation changes the number, type and strategies of professional information providers and consequently affects prices and diversity of professional information. The focus on digitisation follows both from observable trends in the sector and from ongoing and unresolved debates on the pros and cons of digitisation and other “information society” phenomena (such as e-commerce, disintermediation and customisation). The professional information industry is one of the few sectors in which these phenomena can be observed empirically on a relatively large scale and for a relatively long period of time. Given the growing role and importance of professional information and the remaining uncertainties about the social and economic consequences of “the information society”, it is important to assess how digitisation affects performance of professional information markets. The study focuses on developments in professional information publishing in The Netherlands in the 199Os, partly because The Netherlands is home country to three of the largest professional information providers in the world and partly because each has a relatively well developed digital strategy. This market and these players are introduced in Section 2. Section 3 presents a general and tentative overview of trends in The Netherlands in the 199Os,on the 42 van der Wurff - Competition, Innovation and Performance basis of 16 interviews with publishers and a review of expert literature.’ Subsequently, Sections 4 and 5 investigate publishing strategies and performance of the Dutch agricultural (print and online) information market. This market changed considerably in the 1990s. Previously state-owned or funded content producers (suc h as agricultural research institutes and extension agencies) were privatised, new players entered the market, and competition became more intense. At the same time, information intensity of farming increased, and individual and societal agricultural information needs changed (Leeuwis, 2000; Meulenberg, 1995; Vergouwen, 1992). The agricultural information market therefore offers an interesting case to study. Finally, Section 6 presents conclusions and discusses the implications for professional information market performance. OVERVIEW OF THE DUTCH PROFESSIONAL INFORMATION MARKET The Netherlands has a flourishing professional information industry. It encompasses about 1,000 medium- and small-sized publishers, as well as three of the largest professional information publishers in the world (Reed-Elsevier, VNU and Wolters Kluwer). Small, medium-sized and large publishers together produced, per year in the mid- to late 199Os, approximately 3,700 scientific books (of which 2,300 in Dutch and 1,400 in English), 1,300 scientific journals (mostly in English), and about 1,800 trade journals (mostly in Dutch) (Bakker & Scholten, 1997; Stichting Speurwerk, 1999; Van Ankeren, Bakker, Crombags & Hendriks, 1996; R. Barnard, personal communication, June 2000). Market Segmentation and High Subscription Income This professional information market in The Netherlands is strongly segmented into a range of niche markets; and each niche is dominated by one or a few information providers. For example, Misset, which is now part of Elsevier Business Information, controlled 38% of the annual circulation of agricultural trade journals in the mid-1990s (Van Ankeren et al., 1996). Likewise, Wolters ’ These interviews were conducted by Piet Bakker and the author in April 1999 in the context of a study for the Group of Trade and Scientific Publishers of the Dutch Publishers Association (reported in Van der Wurff et al., 1999). The co-operation of the Group and participating publishers is gratefully acknowledged. The views expressed in this article are the author’s and do not necessarily reflect those of the Group or individual publishers. van der Wurff - Competition, Innovation and Performance 43 Kluwer almost monopolises the legal and fiscal information markets (SDU bestrijdt..., 1997). Other scientific and trade information markets, too, tend to be dominated by a few players with reported market shares of 25% to 60%. Another characteristic of the Dutch professional information industry is that it relies to a relatively large extent (60%, according to the Media Group, 2000) on subscription, rather than advertising, income. This strong reliance on subscription income builds upon and at the same time reinforces the observed tendencies towards market segmentation and limited competition. On the one hand, strong reliance on subscription income makes that publishers want to prevent subscription price competition. The best way to accomplish this goal is by offering a differentiated product (Porter, 1985)-a strategy that of course contributes to market segmentation. Product differentiation and market segmentation, on the other hand, are especially profitable when professionals, rather than advertisers, pay for information products. Professional information users generally are willing to pay a premium price for specific and exclusive need-to-know information. Advertisers, in contrast, are much less tempted to pay higher prices for specific products, because they can also use more general services to reach the same or a larger group at lower costs. In sum, the more publishers depend on advertising income and the less they depend on subscription income, the less they will be tempted and able to develop and market differentiated products for small niche markets. We come back to this issue at the end of the next section. DIGITISATION OF PROFESSIONAL INFORMATION PUBLISHING Digitisation, the emergence of electronic publishing, affects market relations in the professional information industry in two ways. Most visibly, digitisation implies the provision of electronic products and services, next to or instead of print publications. Less visibly, but at least as significant, digitisation involves technological (or process) changes that in turn bring about changes in cost structures, competitive relations, and the vertical organisation of the information industry’s value chain. We discuss these changes below. Digitisation Changes Cost Structures and Stimulates New Entry Firstly, digitisation reduces publishing costs (Hayes, 1998) and thereby enables providers to serve increasingly smaller niche audiences. The minimum edition for a semi-scientific book in the Dutch language, for example, now lies at about a hundred copies (Manager of a small scientific Dutch publisher, personal 44 van der Wurff - Competition, Innovation and Performance communication, April 1999). Average circulation of trade publications, that are included in the Handboek van de Nederlandse Pers en Publiciteit (Trade Book of Dutch Press and Publicity; 1994 & 2OOO),declined from 31,oOO in 1994 to 11,000 in 2000. Digitisation, therefore, reinforces the already strong tendency towards market segmentation in the professional information industry. Digitisation does not reduce all publishing costs in similar amounts. It reduces, in particular, information reproduction and distribution costs (ABN AMRO, 1998; Shapiro & Varian, 1999). One consequence is that information market entry barriers become lower for non-publishing players that possess valuable information. These players can easily use low-cost digital technologies to start distributing their information to audiences. Some publishers consider it a serious threat that advertisers-and other players for which publishing is not a core business-make good use of these opportunities and enter professional information markets. Such a combined process of disinter-mediation and cornmodification could destroy hitherto profitable professional information markets. Dutch publishers, for example, note that the Dutch taxation office destroyed the market for personal fiscal software by distributing a free tax return disc; and that governmental and other organisations increasingly provide legal information “for free” on the web. Numerous examples for other countries can be added from the information trade literature. These examples all contribute to a picture in which traditional publishers face more intense competition by non-traditional information providers. These non-traditional providers enter the market to provide information to their audiences-not to make money, but to draw attention to their messages and/or core products. They include (former) advertisers and other attention-seekers that provide marketing or PR information directly “for free” to prospective buyers. They include researchers, government organisations and other original content producers that provide information directly to target groups. And they include libraries, information professionals and other groups of users that digitally share expensive information resources. All those players put a downward pressure on information prices. At the same time, they build upon their improved power position to demand a better deal from publishers. Publishers’ Strategies According to Dutch professional information publishers, the core strategy with which these threats can best be minimised, if not averted, is by further improving quality and accessibility of content. As independent intermediaries between content producers, information users and advertisers, publishers supposedly add value by checking and selecting information. Hence, they should be able to outperform any other player by providing customised, high-quality van der Wurff - Competition, Innovation and Performance 45 access to high-quality content from multiple and diverse information sources. Expert reviews of “free” and “fee-based” information on the web confirm that professionals are indeed willing to pay for high quality services that offer better access, more advanced search options, more in-depth analysis, and more complete information (Gordon-Murnane, 1999; Lennon, 1999; Liebman, 1998; Raeder, 1997). Product differentiation strategies, moreover, have the advantage that they reinforce publishers’ ties with end-users. At the same time, product differentiation requires that publishers develop exclusive relationships with preferred content producers, and that they acquire more complete (copyright) control over content. Whereas digitisation reinforces the power position of users vis-a-vis publishers and contributes at first to disintermediation, publishers’ product differentiation strategies therefore amount to an attempt to regain control in the publishing value chain. Remarkably, only a limited number of professional information publishers explicitly uses digital technologies and/or offers electronic services as part of their product differentiation strategies. This number includes, of course, the three major professional information publishers. As can regularly be read in financial-economic expert publications, Reed-Elsevier, VNU and Wolters Kluwer invest large sums of money in digitisation and Internet strategies. Their aim is to create a number of portals, where individual professionals can find all relevant information and other electronic services that they need (ABN AMRO, 1998; Reed Elsevier, s.a.; VNU, s.a.; Wolters Kluwer, s.a.). Next to these major players, we find a few medium-sized and small publishers that not only have similar high expectations of the potential of electronic services, but also the willingness and opportunity to spend financial and human resources on the development and implementation of their digital strategies. Compared with the major publishers that invest heavily on their own digital strategies, these medium-sized and small publishers spend less and cooperate more strongly with other publishers and third parties. Many small publishers, however, find the costs and associated risks of going digital still too high. They lack, for example, the resources to employ a dedicated electronic services editor with technical expertise; or to develop a CDROM version of a print pu blication. These players choose to reinforce their quality strategies in print publications. Building upon close personal contacts with content producers and information buyers, they maintain their position in their niches and await to see the experiences of their more adventurous and resourceful competitors. 46 van der Wurff - Competition, Innovation and Performance Online Activities and Publications The number of Internet services that is provided by publishers of print publications in The Netherlands therefore increases relatively slowly. In the mid-1990s, only a few publishers (15, according to Neyssen, 1995) and a few professional trade journals (49, as counted by Van Ankeren et al., 1996) are present on the Internet. In 2000, more than 2000 publishers had a web site. Nevertheless, of the 4,018 trade and scientific publications listed in the Handboek (2000), only 633 had their own Internet site (16%). These numbers are very small compared with the 400,000 to 500,000 domain names that were operational in 2000 (SIDN, 2001). Of course, only an unknown percentage of these domains competes directly with publishers on professional information markets. Nevertheless, available anecdotal evidence suggests that non-traditional providers, rather than professional information providers, play a major role on the Internet. For example, we find no publishers among the providers of the ten most popular Dutch financial information sites (Multiscope, 2000). Strategic Groups on Professional Information Markets Provisionally, we conclude that digitisation strengthens competition between traditional publishers and new, non-traditional providers. Traditional publishers aim to improve their competitive position by reinforcing their product differentiation strategies. They aim to offer relatively high quality information products to professional information users, for which they also charge relatively high prices. Non-traditional providers are original content producers and attention seekers that make use of digital opportunities to enter professional information markets. They primarily distribute information that they already possess. Consequently, their information offer is less diverse than what traditional publishers offer; but also much cheaper. Within the group of traditional publishers, we further distinguish between publishers that operate (primarily) on information markets and publishers that operate (primarily) on attention markets. As argued above, product differentiation strategies are more feasible on information markets than on attention markets. We therefore expect the most explicit product differentiation or (mass) customisation strategies, as well as the highest information prices, on information markets. Publishers on attention markets, in contrast, have fewer opportunities to target niches. They rather provide relatively diverse and multiple source products at relatively low prices that can attract relatively large groups of professionals (Van der Wurff, 2001). van der Wurff - Competition, Innovation and Performance 47 Within the group of non-traditional providers we make a similar distinction between providers that provide information for marketing purposes, and providers that provide information for educational purposes. The former group includes (former) advertisers that now aim to develop more direct relations with their buyers. They resemble publishers on attention markets, in the sense that both types of players provide information to create audiences. The latter group, in contrast, includes (former) content producers that find it more attractive to provide their information directly to end-users. These players resemble publishers on information markets; their main activity is to inform professionals. Consequently, they provide information of higher quality and perhaps also more heterogeneity than the former group. We investigate these expectations in the next section. THE AGRICULTURAL PRINT INFORMATION MARKET The Netherlands has a highly productive, innovative, and internationally competitive agricultural industry that also is increasingly information intensive. Farmers regularly need up-to-date information on cultivation methods, disease prevention and treatment, product characteristics, innovations (new crop variants, new equipment), management techniques, market trends (including prices), regulatory developments, relevant news items, and average production results (e.g., average milk production per cow) to evaluate their own work. Agricultural Trade Journals Part of this information is provided by agricultural trade journals. We define an agricultural trade journal as a print publication in the Dutch language, that appears between 4 and 52 times a year, at regular intervals, and that provides information relevant to professional farming activities. At the beginning of the 199Os, farmers on average received six trade journals and spent three hours a week reading them (Vergouwen, 1992: 32). These journals are provided by traditional publishers, by attention seekers (commercial suppliers and agricultural traders), and original content producers (research, extension and governmental organisations). Within the group of journals provided by traditional publishers, we further distinguish between journals that depend to a relatively large extent on advertising revenues and journals that depend to a relatively large extent on subscription income. We rank journals in terms of subscription revenues (defined as subscription price multiplied by circulation) and approximated 48 van der Wurff - Competition, Innovation and Performance advertising revenues (defined as advertising price for a one-page ad multiplied by publication frequency). We subtract both rankings to get a new ranking in terms of the relative importance of subscription and advertising revenues, and subsequently divide them equally into two groups. According to the Hundboek (1991 until 2000), there were on average 73.5 journals published per year between 1991 and 2000. Total circulation of these journals declined from a maximum of 1.16 million copies in 1992 to a minimum of 1.02 million copies in 2000. The number of providers declined likewise, from 53 (1991) to 40 (2000). Non-traditional providers had an aggregated share in total circulation that varies between 18% (1991), 14% (1996) and 20% (2000). Focusing on different types of journals, we observe a decline in the number and aggregate circulation of journals published by content producers. This results from market exit by agricultural extension organisations (which reduced their number from 8-10 to 5). The number and aggregate circulation of journals that are primarily offered on attention markets, on the other hand, increased, even though the number of providers of those journals declined as well (from 13 to 7). The explanation is that the remaining publishers offer more journals (on average, 3.9 instead of 1.7). The numbers of attention-seekers and publishers that operate primarily on information markets, as well as the average number of journals provided by these players, remain more or less the same. Product and pricing strategies, and resulting circulation numbers, vary between the different types of journals (see Table 4.1). Journals offered by publishers on information and attention markets have the highest average circulation. Attention market journals in particular have the highest frequency (and hence highest annual circulation), and also highest advertising prices. Information market journals in contrast have highest average subscription prices. Prices of non-traditional providers’ journals are lowest, as expected. Advertising prices of attention-seekers’ journals, finally, are low but increasing, which suggests that these journals start to play a larger role on the attention market. Livestock Farming Journals To assesswhat diversity is offered by agricultural trade journals, we analyse the content of all but the smallest journals that target six trade- and region-specific groups of livestock farmers- keeping in mind that these farmers generally read a general national agricultural trade journal, a regional one that is associated with a particular farmers associations, and one or more trade-specific journals (J. Proost, personal communication, March 2001). We include all agricultural trade journals that are mentioned in the Hundboek or the Dutch libraries’ National Central Catalogue, for the odd years in between 1991 and 2000, that are likely van der Wurff Table 4.1. Agricultural number titles Competition, Innovation and Performance Trade Journals: Number, Average Circulation of av. circ. (*loot-I) average frequency 49 and Price Per Type av. price av. subscr. price (fl) l- page ad (fl) 1991 2000 1991 2000 1991 2000 1991 2000 1991 2000 Attention seeker 13 13 12 13 10 13 16 8 893 2483 Attention market 22 21 13 18 37 35 64 70 1941 3161 Infor. Market 23 28 20 12 16 18 68 108 1878 2194 Content producer 8 5 13 6 14 16 23 21 2304 1551 Unclassified 6 10 2 26 6 84 56 Yeur 1 n.a. n.a. to reach a significant section of the selected farmer groups (defined as 10% of dairy, meat cattle or pig farmers; 15% of livestock farmers; 20% of farmers in Gelderland or Noord-Brabant; or 33% of all Dutch farmers). This selection includes between 10 (1991) and 24 (1999) titles, with a total circulation that ranges between 463,000 (1993) and 642,000 (1999) copies. Non-traditional providers account for 13% (until 1995) to almost 30% (in 1997 and 1999) of total circulation. The strong increase in the number and circulation of these journals from 1991 to 1999 follows from increases in the number and circulation of information market and content producers’ journals, and from an increase in the number (but not circulation) of attention market journals. The growing number of information market journals in turn results first of all from the introduction of new titles by existing publishers, and only secondly from entry by new publishers. The increase in the number of content producers and attention market journals, in contrast, results first of all from new entry by new players and only secondly from the introduction of new titles by existing players. Again, the number of attention seekers and the number of journals per attention seeker remain stable. Prices and product strategies vary once more per type of journal (see Table 4.2). The frequency with which attention market journals are published is highest, making that these journals reach the highest annual circulation. 50 van der Wutff - Competition, Innovation and Performance Publication frequency is lowest for journals provided by non-traditional players. Both subscription and advertising prices are highest for information market journals, followed by attention market journals. Journals provided by nontraditional players in this market segment are free for readers and have low advertising prices. Table 4.2. Livestock Farming Journals: Number and Average Circulation, Prices and Diversity Per Type number of titles Year 91 av. circ (*looo) 99 average frequency av. subs. price (fl) page ad (fl) av. price Frequency, l- average diversity 91 ‘99 91 99 91 99 91 99 91 99 0.49 Attention seeker 1 1 40 40 4 4 0 0 n.a. 3113 0.22 Attention market 1 8 120 14 52 27 97 56 6544 3142 0.78 0.57 Market 7 12 43 33 26 22 57 97 3179 4070 0.47 0.4 Content producer 1 3 22 42 4 4 0 0 2304 2406 0.31 Info. 0.32 What interests us most in this particular selection of journals, however, is that the highest degree of diversity is provided by attention market journals, followed subsequently by information market journals, journals from attention seekers and journals from content producers. These conclusions are based upon content analysis of the first one or two issues for May of the selected journals (depending on publication frequency). Articles in these issues are classified into 19 categories. Diversity (D) is defined - c (pi * “log(pi)) where pi is the relative number of pages in a journal per information category i. Attention market journals are in particular more diverse because they pay more attention to short-term and long-term agricultural market developments (including prices for agricultural products), and to environmental policies and financial management. They also pay more attention to issues of agricultural tradesmen- and entrepreneurship from an environmental or ecological perspective. Information market journals, in contrast, pay more attention than other types of journals to international trade and competition issues, whereas journals from attention seekers and content producers pay more attention to van der Wurff - Competition, Innovation 51 and Performance employment-related issues.Different types of journals, therefore, have their own particular orientations. THE AGRICULTURAL ONLINE INFORMATION MARKET Modem farming practices have become increasingly information and ICTintensive. We observe, for exam ple, that farmers increasingly use PCs and other information equipment to monitor their farms. We also observe a growing number of (experimental) electronic information exchange systems and projects. Finally, we observe that farmers are, in increasing numbers, connected to the Internet (reaching 40% in 2001; Wary Dutch farmers 2000). Web Sites of Providers of Print Titles A relatively large number of providers of agricultural trade journals respond to these developments by creating their own web presence. Of the 40 publishers and 74 agricultural trade titles mentioned for 2000 by the Handboek (2000), 29 publishers and 60 titles are reported to have a corresponding web site. These are the larger publishers and the larger titles (with an average aggregate circulation per publisher that is almost three times higher than for publishers without a web site; and an average circulation per title that is about half as high as for titles without a web site). Two-thirds of these web sites can be described as (extended) “web presence” sites. They merely give the publisher and/or its journal a presence on the web. They provide information about the publisher, its journal(s) and its other products (which makes a limited web presence site); or they provide (in 15 out of 26 cases) some additional news and/or background information (which makes an extended web presence site). In contrast, only two sites (out of 34) are full-fledged information sites that offer similar information as a trade journal for free; and six other sites offer full-fledged information to registered members or registered subscribers to their print journals. The two free informative sites are provided by (semi-) governmental organisations that play the role of original content producers in the professional information value chain; namely the Ministry of Agriculture and the Agricultural Economics Institute. The information sites requiring registration by members or subscribers are provided by the largest commercial publisher, Elsevier Business Information, by collaborating with regional farmers’ associations (that have their own web site but outsource publication of their regional print journals to a dedicated agricultural publisher), and by the major flower auction company. Traditional publishers that operate on attention markets are the major providers of “limited web presence” sites. Publishers that operate 52 van der Wut-ff - Competition, Innovation and Performance on information markets provide both limited and extended web presence sites. Attention seekers, finally, provide mostly extended web presence sites. Web Only Publications Web sites provided by traditional and non-traditional providers of print agricultural titles make up only a small portion of all Dutch web sites that inform about farmers, their suppliers, their advisors, their business customers and other relevant organisations. Startpagina.nl, one of the major Dutch directories of WWW sites, lists, for example, a total of 3,219 different links to “professional agricultural information” web resources that can be found on 2,005 different Dutch web sites (as of 23 November 2001). We included all links that are mentioned on 11 index pages that are listed as “agricultural business” pages on <http:Ncategorie.pagina.nl/>, and on additional index pages to which these first pages refer, excluding links in subcategories that obviously are not relevant. Of course, an unknown percentage of these links and web sites will on closer inspection not be really relevant to farmers; and another unknown percentage will offer only very little information. Nevertheless, the number of available agricultural web sites dwarfs the number of web sites that is provided by commercial and non-traditional publishers of print journals. According to their classification by Startpagina.nl, most of these 2,005 agricultural web sites provide information that concerns relatively general clusters of farming activities (general and livestock farming, and horticulture) rather than specific farming activities (e.g., dairy farming). Most of these sites also present information on farmers, on farm products, or on products and companies that farmers need (equipment, buildings, wholesale, and advisory organisations), rather providing specific (and valuable) price or weather information, or cultivation advice. Sites on which these more detailed types of information can be found, tend to be the largest sites. Comparing the 52 largest sites (defined as those sites that are listed on at least 5 or more relevant index pages of Startpagina.nl) with all other sites, we find that these major sites offer more information about specific farming activities (such as cultivation of fruits, and sheep keeping), as well as more specific types of information (e.g., on environmental issues, research, and weather). It therefore comes as no surprise that these major sites offer more diverse information than all other sites (see Table 4.3). The traditional and non-traditional publishers of print journals that we discussed above are responsible for about 1% of all web sites mentioned by Startpagina.nl, and provide 6 of the 52 largest web sites. When we compare these web sites with web sites that do not have a print counterpart, we find that publishers’ sites offer more information concerning some specific farming van der Wurff - Competition, Innovation and Performance 53 activities (e.g., cultivation of sugar beets, and ecological farming) but also less information concerning other specific activities (like cultivation of fruits, and glass horticulture). We also find that publishers’ web sites provide less information on equipment, buildings, and farming products; and more information on wholesale trade, financial issues, research, weather, animal health and pest protection. These are arguably the more “informative” categories than other types of information that are less frequently offered by publishers. Nevertheless, in the end, publishers’ web sites together provide less diversity than either the web sites of non-publishers, or the major web sites. Table 4.3. Diversity Provided by Web Sites in terms blapr of .. . farming activities types of information overall Sib% 0.81 0.91 0.72 Non-publishers 0.81 0.87 0.70 Smaller 0.80 0.86 0.69 0.71 0.81 0.58 Publishers sites CONCLUSIONS This chapter investigated how digitisation affects the professional information market in the Netherlands. Interviews with publishers and literature review suggested, firstly, that digitisation stimulates market segmentation by making it economically feasible to produce smaller printruns and circulations. Secondly, digitisation stimulates market entry of non-traditional information providers by reducing information reproduction and distribution costs. And thirdly, digitisation threatens to cause disintermediation of the professional information value chain. According to professional information publishers, the best response to these opportunities and threats is to reinforce product differentiation strategies. On theoretical grounds, we predicted that publishers that operate primarily on information markets differentiate by customising products for small groups of professionals; whereas publishers that operate primarily on attention markets differentiate by offering very diverse information products to relatively large groups of professionals. 54 van der Wurff - Competition, Innovation and Performance Agricultural Trade Journal Market Analysis of the agricultural trade information market in The Netherlands in the period 1991-2ooO confirms these observations and expectations, with one major exception. The number of non-traditional information providers on the agricultural information market does not increase (as expected) but rather declines. However, we believe that this result directly reflects the privatisation, in that period, of agricultural extension organisations, which subsequently exited the market. This result, therefore, does not contradict the overall argument. More in line with expectations, we observe on the agricultural trade journal market a decline in average circulation and a strong increase in subscription prices of journals that depend to a relatively large degree on subscription income. In the market segment for livestock farming journals, we moreover observe that these journals offer relatively little-and declining-diversity. These findings support the prediction that publishers that operate primarily on information markets adopt customisation strategies. Secondly, we observe that average circulation and advertising rates increase for journals that depend to a relatively large extent on advertising income. We also observe that these journals offer highest diversity on the livestock market. These findings support the expectation that publishers that operate primarily on attention markets and differentiate by offering diverse products with a wide appeal. A striking result, thirdly, is that diversity and advertising prices of journals produced by attention seekers increase, too. This suggests that these journals start to look more like journals that are offered by publishers that operate on attention markets. Journals produced by content producers, finally, show declining advertising rates and low subscription prices, and offer little diversity. These journals, therefore, remain dedicated information channels for content producers only, and do not become more similar to information market journals. These findings suggest that competition between attention seekers and publishers on journal attention markets is increasing. This results in more diversity and lower prices on attention markets. Publishers that operate primarily on information markets, on the other hand, have been able to fend off competition by content producers (and have increased the number of their publications)-a result to which the privatisation of agricultural extension organisations probably has contributed. These changes result in lower diversity and higher prices on information markets. Both trends together contribute to an overall improvement of market performance. Professionals have a wider choice between low-priced diverse and high-priced specialised information sources. AS long as attention market journals cover the same areas with acceptable quality as information market journals do, professionals therefore can choose their own van der Wurff - Competition, particular combination information. Innovation of low-priced and Performance general and high-priced 55 targeted Agricultural Online Information Market On the Internet, relations are different. Publishers of attention market journals only have a limited web presence. Attention seekers play a more important role, at least quantitatively. Available information suggests that many of the agricultural web sites listed by Startpagina.nl are provided by attention seekers; and therefore that attention seekers contribute significantly to diversity of Internet information. On the other hand, our research also shows that attentionseeker web sites are mainl y extended web presence sites. We therefore do not expect that the large number of attention-seeker sites contribute significantly to the quality of available Internet information; although more research on these web sites is required. Most valuable information on the web is offered by a few selected information market publishers and a few content producers. Both types of players offer full-fledged information sites. Content producers do this “for free”, whereas publishers offer full information only to registered subscribers to their journals. It is not yet clear whether publishers refrain from charging money directly for their web content because of a general reluctance of users to pay for web content, because of competition with “free” web sites provided by content producers, attention-seekers and attention market publishers, or for other reasons. Again, more research is necessary. It is our educated guess, however, that when publishers want to make money on Internet information markets, they need to cut content producers out of the Internet markets, as they did on the trade journal market. Future performance depends on whether publishers will succeed in this respect. Currently, Internet information supply is very diverse, but only few sites offer high-quality information. 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question:احساس میکنم ناقص خلاصه شده ... تیترها دقیقا همان تیترهای اصلی باشه لطفا

question:I created a Jujutsu Kaisen sorcerer named Julien Vaugrenard. Standing at 6'0 (184cm), he's a lean, speedy 149lbs (68kg). He possesses slicked back, light brown hair and bluish grey eyes, he's hard to miss, and he's considered highly attractive by female characters, and he does have fangirls among the cast, but not as many as Gojo. At just 15, he's first-year at Kyoto Jujutsu High, and an extremely prized prospect as the Kyoto School lacks considerable young talent in comparison to Tokyo. He's ranked Grade 1, on par with Aoi Todo as well as above Noritoshi Kamo and the late Kokichi Muta (Mechamaru), and Utahime Iori, the student supervisor at Kyoto. This means he's considered to be a genius, as Grade 2 alone is exceptional for students. He's the son of Nicolas and Rose, two French immigrants to Japan that run a shop specializing in cheesy pastries. Circumstances have lead him around the block. For one, his parents' dislike for large cities lead them to settle in Muko, a mid-sized city south of Kyoto. Coincidentally, Kyoto is also the site of a Jujutsu school, and though Satoru Gojo is a powerful recruiter, he ultimately chose to stay close to his parents. Second, he required outside training, and lived with his mentor, a special grade sorcerer, the controversial Yuki Tsukumo, in Kyoto from 6 to 12. During this training regimen, they would go to many places such as uninhabited islands. Yuki would joke that there were no witnesses, but this was really so they would not have to hold back. Cheese is at the forefront of his powers, extremely malleable and limited only by his imagination, but Yuki drilled into him what she could - while she carries a Shikigami named Garuda, her power, Bom Ba Ye (translated as Star Rage adds virtual mass to both herself and Garuda. This means she can hit like a speeding truck full of explosives, and with her bare hands. Julien's participation in jujutsu sorcery was not voluntary originally, as he wished to follow in the footsteps of his parents. Yuki lured a young Julien into the jujutsu world with promises of wealth, status, and leisure, which appealed heavily to him at the time, and still do, though he's adopted more pressing priorities. One of the catalysts was that he discovered she isn't really happy with her life, as her ambitions of creating a world without cursed energy are lofty, and sometimes feel completely unattainable. Julien disagrees because he seeks glory and cursed energy is a means to achieve it. Though his first mentor is Yuki, he's also been trained by Gojo at times. Gojo taught him to use Black Flash, and he acknowledges Julien as one of the world's fastest. Yuki is not the only person he's acquainted with. He's close with Kasumi Miwa. The two are childhood friends, and Kasumi is not immune to his charm. Kasumi's father, Eizo, once exorcised curses from the family bakery while Julien was away. For this he's grateful to the Miwa family, and they do him. He sees Kasumi as someone he has to protect. Kasumi has noticed the opening of a sizeable chasm between them in strength and even status as they've grown and developed together. Whether Julien intends to or not, he is nonetheless a component of an overall environment that leads her to call herself "Useless Miwa." She's very aware that she isn't strong by the standards of a Jujutsu sorcerer, but she's driven to provide for her impoverished family; she was pressured into learning to use a sword by her parents but her true passion is singing. Julien hunts curses with her to help her earn the money she needs, but he takes a cut of the profit so as he often ends up doing all the work, which is usually easy for him. They often negotiate the earnings. Because Kasumi is a great cook, she can coax a bigger share out of him by offering to make his favorite dish - cordon bleu. He's friendly rivals with Aoi Todo, and they are quite similar, being passionate about everything they do, especially in regards to romance, friendship, and of course fighting. Loud, hot-blooded, confident, and they live for battle. Macho men. Julien is a bit more sane, and would never turn on or even threaten to murder his teammates, as Todo threatened to do during the Kyoto-Tokyo Goodwill event. Todo was incensed by the Kyoto team's plan to assassinate Yuji Itadori, as Yuji has the same taste in women as him: tall with big butts. This attempt was ordered by Gakuganji to eliminate Sukuna. Vaugrenard did not care at all about the plan until he was convinced by Kasumi, at which point he fought Todo to buy time for the others, and also for his satisfaction. At some point, Julien got the upper hand, but the fight ultimately ended in a stalemate when both were forced to work together to drive back Hanami, the special grade cursed spirit. Julien is one of the fastest sorcerers around. Julien and Todo were both trained by Yuki Tsukumo, so Julien is well accustomed to the question "What kind of girls are you into?" For Julien, the answer is easy. A tall, strong woman with long legs. Like Maki Zenin, whom he used to date. Maki would never admit it, but she finds Julien irresistible, which is why she often shirks her duties to hang out with him. Maki mockingly calls him Casanova and pretty boy. There are three basic applications: Fromage à pâte dure (hard cheeses), Fromage à pâte molle (soft cheeses), and Fondue (melted cheese). The thing is that "hard and soft" are in fact two massive categories, very vague. Ricotta can be considered soft, as can Havarti, but they have little in common. In the beginning of Yuki's training, these techniques were all quite weak, but have evolved into a terrifying arsenal of the unknown. Fromage à pâte dure, unsurprisingly, is the basis for many of his offensive attacks, and can be used to create constructs that form as hard, solid objects that can take the form of nearly anything the Julien desires. With regards to defense, he has more than one option to choose from, though they are not chosen only by hardness, but how well they can absorb an attack. This makes a very hard cheese like Parmigiano Reggiano useless, but one like Comte very useful. Parmigiano Reggiano's role is almost entirely offensive, the aforementioned fragments of the projectile potentially burrowing inside poorly-protected enemies. The effect is like a hollowpoint bullet. He can shoot this kind of cheese from his back, in a technique called "Quills." It's used typically in dire situations. Julien knows better than to willingly turn his back in combat. These are only some cheeses, some techniques, at his disposal. Another technique is "Ficello". Ficello is a popular brand of string cheese sold in France, and it involves creating flexible strands of cheese. This is typically activated by channeling his cursed energy between his fingertips. Ficello is versatile. Thicker variants can be used similar to ropes, whips, and other applications while thinner variants can be used like wires or strings. Ficello has offensive, defensive, and support applications. "Magma" is a variant of Fondue, and Fromage à pâte dure at the same time. The effect is a superheated weapon that quickly solidifies on Julien's command, inside or outside the user's body. He can even make them explode. Fontina, Gruyere, and gouda are commonly used in Fondue and Magma. Soft cheeses can be used for more strategic purposes, non-lethal techniques, or even very strong whips and ropes. One should not assume these techniques are harmless. More techniques at his disposal: "Vieux Boulogne". This cheese is known just for being the worst-smelling. The technique involves creating a pungent and suffocating cheese vapor, which can disorient and impair the senses of anyone caught in its range, as well as their ability to sense and focus their cursed energy. Julien HATES using this technique, but it's particularly effective in enclosed spaces or against opponents who heavily rely on their sense of smell. His most devastating technique that does not involve Domain Expansion is "Fromage Noir." By infusing his cursed energy into a specialized wheel of black cheese, he can unleash a devastating explosion. There's also a lesser-known variant of "Fondue" in which the burns can never heal. It's called "Fondue Noir." Comté comets produce weaker explosions. Fromage Fort (sharp cheese) in English. Summons discs of cheddar cheese with significant cutting power. The smaller, the faster. They are of variable size. More powerful techniques must be charged. Julien lives for battle, but it isn't his only hobby. He enjoys reading about military history and classic literature in his free time. If he has eaten a cheese, he never forgets its texture or its properties, and he can incorporate it into his future battles. He enjoys drinks made from fermented whey such as Rivella, but also those that do not compromise or hide the taste. He has a younger sister named Annick.

question:He's capable of domain expansion, and he's styled it after his distant Gallic ancestors. He also learned Simple Domain from Yuki Tsukumo. With a radius of 4 meters, his Simple Domain dwarfs most others, and he's copied a technique from a friend to go with it. It's Miwa's "New Shadow Style: Simple Domain" attack. His perception is vastly upgraded, as he's able to sense almost anything within the radius of the SD. Also upgraded are his effective striking distance, reflexes, and speed. Unlike Kasumi, he isn't required to quickly sheathe his weapon. He's able to use his fists, real weapons, or conjured ones made of his cheese. Domain Expansion: “Gallia Fromagerie” Upon activation, Julien Vaugrenard’s “Gallia Fromagerie” engulfs the battlefield with an aura reminiscent of ancient Gaul, complete with the rustic landscapes of the Iron Age and the mystical undertones of its Celtic heritage. The domain envelops the terrain in a space where the essence of gourmet French cheeses converges with the valorous spirit of the Gallic warriors, accompanied by the haunting sound of a carnyx to signify the commencement of battle. Within “Gallia Fromagerie,” Julien calls upon a legion of cheese shikigami, each with specialized abilities: 1. Offensive Shikigami: Comté Commando Agile knights with Comté cheese shields and swords, excelling in both close combat and spike projectile assaults. 2. Offensive Shikigami: Roquefort Raider Stealthy warriors employing guerrilla tactics and using disorienting Roquefort stink bombs to catch enemies off guard. 3. Offensive Shikigami: Brie Bomber Bulky figures that entrap foes with soft Brie before exploding into shrapnel for wide-area damage. 4. Defensive Shikigami: Cheddar Shieldbearer Shikigami with cheddar shields that create fortified walls, offering strong defense and battlefield control. 5. Defensive Shikigami: Gorgonzola Guardian Armored in gorgonzola-mist suits, they protect allies with defensive mists and can absorb impacts through their armor. 6. Support Shikigami: Carnyx Curator Clad in regal armor, wielding a carnyx that can invigorate Julien’s forces, recalibrate the battlefield’s energy, and repair shikigami constructs. 7. Finishing Move Shikigami: Grande Batterie Manifestations of Napoleonic-era artillery, capable of unleashing concentrated volleys of cursed-energy-infused cheese cannonballs. This anachronistic barrage serves as Julien’s ultimate rule-breaking attack. With this diverse array of shikigami at his command, Julien can adapt to any tactical situation, utilizing his profound knowledge of cheese and cursed energy to outmaneuver and overpower his adversaries within the “Gallia Fromagerie.” The shikigami are not seen outside of his Domain Expansion.